Helping Verbs
Is, Am, Are: Copula and Auxiliary
When "be" is the whole verb, and when it is helping another verb.
- Mastered by
- Brown places the uncontractible copula ("yes, he is") at roughly 2;3 to 3;3 and the contractible copula ("he's happy") a little later
- Practice items
- 143
- Sections
- 17
Play it
Each one opens full screen, already set to this skill.
The rule, explainedShow ↓Hide ↑
"Is", "am" and "are" are the small words that hold a sentence together. Which one depends on who it is about.
I am. You are. He, she or it is. We are. They are.
Sometimes it is the whole verb (she is happy) and sometimes it helps another verb (she is running).
- I am six. She is six. They are six.
- The dog is barking.
Watch for: "Dog barking" and "me happy" - the small word missing altogether. One of the first things to drop and one of the last to become steady.
What this skill is
The verb "be" does two different jobs. Sometimes it IS the verb, with nothing else to help - "she is happy", "they are hungry". That use is called the copula: it links the subject to a description. Other times it is helping another verb along - "she is running", "they are eating". That use is called the auxiliary, and you can spot it because there is always another verb with -ing right behind it.
What to expect
Both forms get left out early on: "she happy", "he running". A useful thing to listen for is whether the child drops the form that can be shortened or the one that cannot. "He's happy" can contract; the "is" in "Yes, he is" cannot, because there is nothing after it to attach to. The uncontractible forms are typically produced correctly first, which is why a child may answer "Is he sleeping?" with a clear "he is" while still saying "he sleeping" in running speech.
Try this at home
When to refer
Put it into practice
Tap any item below to open it full screen, one at a time, so a child can answer without reading the answer first.
These activities are a starting point, not the practice itself. A structured task is a good way to introduce a form and to find out whether a child has it yet. What actually moves it into everyday speech is using it in the real world and in ordinary play — which means the four things below matter more than finishing the list.
Recast
Say their sentence back correctly, without asking them to repeat it. Child: “he goed.” You: “he went! Where did he go?”
Expand
Add one or two words to what they said and hand it back. Child: “big truck.” You: “a big red truck!”
Simplify what you ask
Cut a long instruction into single steps and say them in the order they happen, rather than repeating the long one louder.
Follow their lead
Use whatever they are already playing with. A form practiced on something they chose is the one that shows up again tomorrow.
Be as the Whole Verb (Copula)
10 itemsThere is no other verb in these sentences. Fill in the blank with is, am or are. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Be as the Whole Verb (Copula): Round 210 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Be is the whole verb here - it joins the thing to what it is like. Say the whole sentence. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Be as the Whole Verb (Copula): Round 310 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Be is the whole verb here - it joins the thing to what it is like. Say the whole sentence. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Be as the Whole Verb (Copula): Round 410 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Be is the whole verb here - it joins the thing to what it is like. Say the whole sentence. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Be Helping Another Verb (Auxiliary)
10 itemsEach sentence has another verb ending in -ing. Fill in the blank with is, am or are. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Be Helping Another Verb (Auxiliary): Round 210 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Be is helping the -ing verb. Say the whole sentence. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Be Helping Another Verb (Auxiliary): Round 310 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Be is helping the -ing verb. Say the whole sentence. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Be Helping Another Verb (Auxiliary): Round 410 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Be is helping the -ing verb. Say the whole sentence. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Which Job Is It Doing?
8 itemsSay whether "be" is the whole verb or is helping another verb. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Which Job Is It Doing?: Round 28 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Is "be" the whole verb, or is it helping another verb? Tap any item to open it full screen.
Which Job Is It Doing?: Round 38 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Is "be" the whole verb, or is it helping another verb? Tap any item to open it full screen.
Short Answers
6 itemsAnswer each question with a short answer. These are the forms that cannot be shortened. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Short Answers: Round 26 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Answer in two words, the way people really answer. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Short Answers: Round 36 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Answer in two words, the way people really answer. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Shorten It
7 itemsSay each sentence again using the shortened form. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Shorten It: Round 27 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Say it again with the two words squashed into one. Tap any item to open it full screen.
Shorten It: Round 37 moreOpen ↓Close ↑
Say it again with the two words squashed into one. Tap any item to open it full screen.









